Common types of vaginal infection

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is the most common type, occurring when bacteria that normally live in the vagina become imbalanced. Yeast infections (vulvovaginal candidiasis) are the second most common, caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a fungus that's normally present in the vagina without issue. The two can have overlapping symptoms, and can even occur together, which is part of why an accurate diagnosis matters.

Telling them apart

• 1

  Discharge

  BV: thin, white or grey. Yeast infection: thick, white (“cottage cheese”-like).

• 2

  Odor

  BV: often a noticeable “fishy” smell. Yeast infection: typically odorless.

• 3

  Main symptom

  BV: discharge and odor more than itching. Yeast infection: itching and burning are prominent.

These are general patterns, not a substitute for diagnosis — symptoms can overlap, and self-diagnosis carries real risk of treating the wrong thing.

Causes and risk factors

• 1

  Bacterial Vaginosis

  Linked to a disruption in the vagina's natural bacterial balance; douching can contribute to this imbalance, which is one reason it's generally not recommended.

• 2

  Yeast infections

  Often triggered by antibiotic use, pregnancy, or diabetes, all of which can disrupt the vagina's normal balance and allow Candida to overgrow.

How vaginal infections are diagnosed

• A detailed history — your symptoms, recent medications, diabetes status, and hygiene habits.
• A physical examination — a visual exam of the vulva and vagina.
• Laboratory testing — a sample of discharge may be examined under a microscope, along with pH testing, to confirm exactly what's causing your symptoms.

Treatment

• 1

  Bacterial Vaginosis

  Typically treated with oral antibiotics such as metronidazole, or a clindamycin vaginal cream. It's important to complete the full course even if symptoms improve early, to prevent recurrence.

• 2

  Yeast Infections

  Treated with antifungal medication — creams or suppositories for milder cases, or oral antifungal treatment when appropriate.

Why treatment during pregnancy matters

Vaginal infections, particularly untreated bacterial vaginosis, are linked to a higher risk of complications like preterm birth. If you're pregnant and experiencing symptoms, it's especially important not to wait — treatment is safe and important for both you and your baby.