What is PCOD/PCOS?

PCOS is a hormonal condition in which the ovaries produce higher-than-typical levels of androgens (male hormones), which can disrupt ovulation and lead to irregular periods, cysts on the ovaries, and a range of other symptoms. PCOD refers to a similar presentation, and the two terms are often used interchangeably — though PCOS is generally considered the more clinically precise term, and can involve broader metabolic and hormonal effects beyond the ovaries themselves.

Common symptoms

• Irregular or absent periods
• Difficulty conceiving
• Excess hair growth on the face, chest, or back (hirsutism)
• Acne or oily skin
• Weight gain, particularly around the abdomen
• Thinning hair on the scalp
• Darkened skin in body folds, such as the neck or underarms (acanthosis nigricans)
• Difficulty losing weight despite diet and exercise

How PCOD/PCOS is diagnosed

Diagnosis typically involves a review of your menstrual history and symptoms, blood tests to check hormone levels, and an ultrasound to examine the ovaries. A PCOS diagnosis is generally made when at least two of three criteria are present: irregular or absent ovulation, elevated androgen levels (confirmed by blood test or symptoms like excess hair growth), and polycystic-appearing ovaries on ultrasound.

Treatment approaches, based on your goals

• 1

  For irregular periods or cycle regulation

  Hormonal medication, such as birth control pills, can help regulate cycles when pregnancy isn't the immediate goal.

• 2

  For fertility

  Ovulation induction medication, sometimes combined with IUI or IVF depending on the individual case and other contributing factors.

• 3

  For metabolic health

  Lifestyle changes, and in some cases medication like metformin, to improve insulin sensitivity.

• 4

  For androgen-related symptoms

  Specific medications can help manage excess hair growth or acne directly.

• 5

  For long-term health

  Since PCOS is linked to a higher long-term risk of diabetes and cardiovascular issues, ongoing monitoring is often part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

PCOD/PCOS and fertility

PCOS is one of the most common causes of ovulatory infertility — but it's also one of the most treatable. Many women with PCOS conceive successfully with the right combination of ovulation induction, lifestyle changes, and, when needed, assisted reproductive treatments like IUI or IVF.